Ethylene oxide is

Ethylene oxide is




A. sporicidal.
B. only effective with high heat.
C. the active agent in household bleach.
D. used as an antiseptic against anaerobes.
E. a halogen.





Answer: A

Heavy metals work by

Heavy metals work by



A. rupturing the cell membrane.
B. inactivating proteins.
C. binding to DNA.
D. dissolving the cell wall.
E. mutating DNA.






Answer: B

Hydrogen peroxide can be

Hydrogen peroxide can be




A. sporicidal.
B. fungicidal.
C. bactericidal.
D. virucidal.
E. All of the choices are correct.





Answer: E

Alcohols

Alcohols




A. dissolve membrane lipids at concentrations of greater than 50%.
B. can be used for disinfection or antisepsis.
C. are skin degerming agents.
D. are limited in effectiveness due to rapid evaporation.
E. All of the choices are correct.





Answer: E

The compound that is an organic base containing chlorine and two phenolic rings, and is used increasingly for mucous membrane irrigation, obstetrical washes, hand scrubbing, and prepping surgical skin sites is

The compound that is an organic base containing chlorine and two phenolic rings, and is used increasingly for mucous membrane irrigation, obstetrical washes, hand scrubbing, and prepping surgical skin sites is



A. carbolic acid.
B. chlorhexidine.
C. triclosan.
D. formalin.
E. quaternary ammonium compounds.






Answer: B

All of the following pertain to hypochlorites except

All of the following pertain to hypochlorites except



A. release hypochlorous acid in solution.
B. cause denaturation of enzymes.
C. found in iodophors.
D. used to disinfect water, restaurant, and medical equipment.
E. found in common household bleach.






Answer: C

Pasteurization

Pasteurization



A. kills all vegetative forms.
B. reduces the number of vegetative forms.
C. reduces the number of endospores.
D. increases food nutrient value.
E. None of the choices is correct.





Answer: B

Placing organisms at 4 C is

Placing organisms at 4 C is



A. bactericidal.
B. bacteriostatic.
C. decontamination.
D. sterilization.
E. None of the choices is correct.




Answer: B

Dry heat

Dry heat



A. is less efficient than moist heat.
B. cannot sterilize.
C. includes tyndallization.
D. is used in devices called autoclaves.
E. will sterilize at 121C for 15 minutes.





Answer: A

Sterilization is achieved by

Sterilization is achieved by




A. flash pasteurization.
B. hot water.
C. boiling water.
D. steam autoclave.
E. All of the choices are correct.





Answer: D

Surfactants work by

Surfactants work by




A. coating the organism, preventing interaction with its environment.
B. blocking transport into the organism.
C. blocking transport out from the organism.
D. disrupting membrane integrity.
E. All of the choices are correct.






Answer: D

Which is correct regarding the rate of microbial death?

Which is correct regarding the rate of microbial death?



A. Cells die at increasingly greater rates.
B. Only older cells die in a culture.
C. Cells in a culture die at a constant rate.
D. Upon contact with the control agent, all cells die at one time.
E. Cells become metabolically inactive, but are never killed.





Answer: C

Proteins are present in

Proteins are present in



A) cells only.
B) viruses only.
C) viroids only.
D) both cells and viruses.
E) cells, viruses, and viroids.






Answer: D

A lipid membrane is present

A lipid membrane is present



A) only in viruses.
B) in both cells and viruses.
C) only in cells.
D) only in prions.
E) in both prions and viroids.





Answer: B

Viroids infect

Viroids infect




A) bacteria.
B) plants.
C) fungi.
D) plants and animals.
E) all organisms.





Answer: B

Plaque assays are used for

Plaque assays are used for




A) evaluating the cancer-causing ability of a virus.
B) estimating the number of phages in a culture.
C) the study of prions.
D) cultivating viruses that cannot be grown any other way.
E) counting the number of latent phages in a cell.





Answer: B

One mechanism by which viruses may cause cancer is to interrupt the genetic regulatory sequences of repressor proteins. Which of the following types of viruses is most likely to be involved in causing cancer by this mechanism?

One mechanism by which viruses may cause cancer is to interrupt the genetic regulatory sequences of repressor proteins. Which of the following types of viruses is most likely to be involved in causing cancer by this mechanism?



A) +ssRNA viruses
B) dsRNA viruses
C) -ssRNA viruses
D) retroviruses
E) +ssRNA and -ssRNA viruses






Answer: D

How is the HIV provirus different from a lambda phage prophage?

How is the HIV provirus different from a lambda phage prophage?



A) The HIV provirus is integrated permanently into the host cell's DNA.
B) All subsequent generations of HIV-infected cells carry the provirus.
C) All the offspring of a cell infected with a prophage will contain the virus.
D) The HIV provirus is inactive inside the host cell.
E) Lambda phage-infected cells produce virus slowly over time.




Answer: A

In contrast to most dsDNA animal viruses, the poxviruses replicate solely in the cytoplasm of the host cell. This fact implies that the viral genome may encode

In contrast to most dsDNA animal viruses, the poxviruses replicate solely in the cytoplasm of the host cell. This fact implies that the viral genome may encode



A) reverse transcriptase.
B) a DNA polymerase.
C) RNA-dependent RNA transcriptase.
D) ribosome components.
E) reverse transcriptase and RNA-dependent RNA transcriptase.





Answer: B

Which of the following is matched INCORRECTLY?

Which of the following is matched INCORRECTLY?



A) poliovirus — direct penetration
B) herpesvirus — endocytosis
C) adenovirus — membrane fusion
D) measles virus — membrane fusion
E) HIV — membrane fusion





Answer: C

Zones of clearing in cell cultures that are the result of virus infection are called plaques. Sometimes "cloudy plaques" are seen on bacterial cultures infected with bacteriophage. What type of viral infection might cause this appearance?

Zones of clearing in cell cultures that are the result of virus infection are called plaques. Sometimes "cloudy plaques" are seen on bacterial cultures infected with bacteriophage. What type of viral infection might cause this appearance?




A) lytic
B) lysogenic
C) prion
D) viroid
E) transducing




Answer: B

Why is lysogeny advantageous to a bacteriophage?

Why is lysogeny advantageous to a bacteriophage?





A) It speeds up the viral infection cycle.
B) The genetic material of the bacteriophage can be passed on to future generations of cells.
C) It allows the bacteriophage to infect cells it would not normally infect.
D) It allows the bacteriophage to destroy the host cell's DNA.
E) It enables the bacteriophage to take over the cell.




Answer: B

Which of the following statements comparing virus classification and taxonomy of organisms is true?

Which of the following statements comparing virus classification and taxonomy of organisms is true?



A) Both viruses and organisms are organized into classes.
B) The common names of viruses are their genus and species epithet, as they are with organisms.
C) Both viruses and organisms are organized into domains.
D) Genus and specific epithet are used in both classification systems.
E) Only families are common to both viral classification and organism taxonomy.





Answer: D

Which of the following statements regarding virus taxonomy is true?

Which of the following statements regarding virus taxonomy is true?



A) Viruses are classified on the basis of the taxonomy of their host organisms.
B) Virus classes are well established.
C) Some virus family names are derived from the name of an important member of the family.
D) The species epithet is a Latin descriptor of the virion structure.
E) Virus classes are based on the domain of the host organism.






Answer: C

Host specificity of a virus is due to

Host specificity of a virus is due to




A) particular genes that it shares with the infected cell.
B) the presence of an envelope.
C) differences in size between the virus and the host cell.
D) the presence or absence of a cell wall on the host cell.
E) interactions between viral and cellular surface molecules.




Answer: E

Which of the following statements concerning viruses is FALSE?

Which of the following statements concerning viruses is FALSE?



A) Viruses never contain both DNA and RNA.
B) Viruses enter a cell to complete the replication they have begun extracellularly.
C) Some viruses have an outer membrane called an envelope.
D) Viral capsids can assume one of three basic shapes.
E) Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus to be discovered and characterized




Answer: B