A patient with recurring nut allergies enrolls in an experimental desensitization trail at the local allergy clinic; what should this patient expect?

A patient with recurring nut allergies enrolls in an experimental desensitization trail at the local allergy clinic; what should this patient expect? 

a. injection of large doses of suspected antigen over the next few months, in hopes to begin producing antiallergen IgA
b. injection of small doses of antiantigen antibody over the next few months, in hopes to begin producing antiantibody IgE
c. injection of small doses of suspected antigen over the next few months, in hopes to begin producing antiallergen IgG
d. injection of medium doses of suspected antigen over the next few days, in hopes to begin producing antiallergen IgM
e. injection of medium doses of antiantigen antibody over the next few years, in hopes of removing all antiantigen IgE


Answer: injection of small doses of suspected antigen over the next few months, in hopes to begin producing antiallergen IgG

A 30-year old woman presented in the emergency room with hives all over her body. After a full examination it was determined that the zoo she had visited that morning caused the reaction. What was the most likely cause of this response?

A 30-year old woman presented in the emergency room with hives all over her body. After a full examination it was determined that the zoo she had visited that morning caused the reaction. What was the most likely cause of this response? 

a. type I hypersensitivity reaction
b. type II hypersensitivity reaction
c. type III hypersensitivity reaction
d. type IV hypersensitivity reaction
e. type V hypersensitivity reaction


Answer: type I hypersensitivity reaction

The binding of released histamine to a H1 (histamine 1) receptor during an allergic attack induces a proinflammatory state through which pathway(s)?

The binding of released histamine to a H1 (histamine 1) receptor during an allergic attack induces a proinflammatory state through which pathway(s)? 

a. classical complement pathway
b. liopoxygenase pathway and cycloxygenase pathway
c. signal transduction pathway causing IL-2 production
d. lectin complement pathway
e. epinephrine producing pathway


Answer: liopoxygenase pathway and cycloxygenase pathway

Inhalation of allergenic pollen in a susceptible person causes the induction of what primary event triggering an allergy reaction?

Inhalation of allergenic pollen in a susceptible person causes the induction of what primary event triggering an allergy reaction? 

a. crosslinking of IgE sensitized mast cells
b. immediate anaphylaxis
c. binding to sensitized T cytotoxic cells
d. increased cAMP levels
e. immediate leukotriene release


Answer: crosslinking of IgE sensitized mast cells

Regulation of complement destruction of normal body cells is controlled by:

Regulation of complement destruction of normal body cells is controlled by: 

a. CD8, serum factor C3b, and serum albumin
b. CD58, serum factor H, and decay-accelerating factor
c. CD4, serum factor Bb, and decay-accelerating factor
d. MHC I, serum factor C5a, and serum lipoprotein
e. MHC II, serum albumin, and T regulatory cells


Answer: CD58, serum factor H, and decay-accelerating factor

A mutation that caused a person to have an ineffective complement C6 protein would have a direct effect on formation of:

A mutation that caused a person to have an ineffective complement C6 protein would have a direct effect on formation of:

a. complement-antibody complex
b. C3 convertase
c. C3b opsonins for phagocytosis
d. membrane attack complex
e. C5 convertase


Answer: membrane attack complex

Mycobacteria sp. have evolved a mechanism to evade adaptive immunity by:

Mycobacteria sp. have evolved a mechanism to evade adaptive immunity by:

a. creating autoantibodies against activated T-cell populations
b. triggering T- and B-cell apoptosis
c. hiding within red blood cells of the body (similar to malarial infection)
d. inducing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10)
e. producing phagocytic chemorepellants and paralyzing neutrophils


Answer: inducing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) takes up residence in what immune cell using which receptor(s)?

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) takes up residence in what immune cell using which receptor(s)? 

a. ACP cells; MHC I and II receptors
b. TC cells; CD8 receptor
c. TH cells; CD4 receptor
d. B cells; CD40 receptor
e. TH0 cells; TCR receptor


Answer: TH cells; CD4 receptor

An activated TC cell trying to kill off influenza infection in the lungs would:

An activated TC cell trying to kill off influenza infection in the lungs would: 

a. release proinflammatory cytokines throughout the entire lung
b. produce monoclonal anti-influenza antibodies
c. activate B cells to make influenza-specific plasma cells
d. bind to the infected host cells then release perforin and granzymes
e. travel to the thymus and undergo positive selection


Answer: bind to the infected host cells then release perforin and granzymes

Staphylococcal exfoliative toxin (exoliatin A) reacts in the human body as a superantigen, intoxication with this means:

Staphylococcal exfoliative toxin (exoliatin A) reacts in the human body as a superantigen, intoxication with this means: 

a. polyclonal T-cell stimulation by overriding the normal route of antigen presentation
b. monoclonal B-cell stimulation without T-cell signaling
c. direct overactivation of TH1 cells causing TC cell response only
d. dramatic downregulation in genes controlling all cells producing pro-inflammatory cytokines
e. decreased antigen presentation by APC followed by autoantibody formation


Answer: polyclonal T-cell stimulation by overriding the normal route of antigen presentation

The secondary signal needed from a T cell for a B cell to differentiate into a plasma cell, is the crosslink between:

The secondary signal needed from a T cell for a B cell to differentiate into a plasma cell, is the crosslink between:

a. CD8 (on TC cell) with MHC I (on B cell)
b. CD4 (on TH cell) with CD40 (on B cell)
c. MHC II (on TC cell) with CD4 (on B cell)
d. CD8 (on TC cell) with CD40 (on B cell)
e. CD154 (on TH cell) with CD40 (on B cell)


Answer: CD154 (on TH cell) with CD40 (on B cell)

The secondary signal needed for TH0 helper cells to differentiate into either TH1 cells or TH2 cells is the crosslink between:

The secondary signal needed for TH0 helper cells to differentiate into either TH1 cells or TH2 cells is the crosslink between:

a. CD154 (on TH0 helper cells) and CD40 (on APC cell)
b. MHC I (on TH0 helper cells) and B7 (on APC cell)
c. CD4 (on TH0 helper cells) and MHC II (on APC cell)
d. CD8 (on TH0 helper cells) and MHC I (on APC cell)
e. CD28 (on TH0 helper cells) and B7 (on APC cell)


Answer: CD28 (on TH0 helper cells) and B7 (on APC cell)

A complete T-cell receptor on a helper T cell contains both the antigen binding receptor molecule and what other protein for signal transduction?

A complete T-cell receptor on a helper T cell contains both the antigen binding receptor molecule and what other protein for signal transduction? 

a. CD8
b. CD3 complex
c. MHC I
d. MHC II
e. CD


Answer: CD3 complex

Bacteremia is a condition where live bacteria enter the bloodstream, but not the cells of the body; which form of processing would occur to stimulate a cell-mediated immune response?

Bacteremia is a condition where live bacteria enter the bloodstream, but not the cells of the body; which form of processing would occur to stimulate a cell-mediated immune response? 

a. bacterial peptide transported from cytoplasm to rER for presentation on MHC I
b. endocytosis by APC followed by presentation on MHC II
c. neutrophil phagocytosis with presentation on Fc receptor
d. cytotoxic T-cell endocytosis for presentation on CD8 receptor
e. B-cell capping for presentation on the B-cell receptor


Answer: endocytosis by APC followed by presentation on MHC II

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by weakness of the skeletal muscles due to antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies; thymectomy is a successful treatment for this condition in some patients because it:

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by weakness of the skeletal muscles due to antiacetylcholine receptor antibodies; thymectomy is a successful treatment for this condition in some patients because it: 

a. removes all auto-reactive B cells from the body
b. primes APC to reverse their response to self tissue
c. neutralizes the autoantibodies from the body
d. produces proteins to bind the autoantibodies before reaching their target
e. prevents further miseducation of T-cell population


Answer: prevents further miseducation of T-cell population

Positive selection in T-cell education refers to:

Positive selection in T-cell education refers to: 

a. T-cell receptors (TCR) that can bind strongly to self MHC proteins
b. CD8 receptors that can bind strongly to self MHC proteins
c. T-cell receptors (TCR) that can bind weakly to self MHC proteins
d. CD4 that can bind weakly to self MHC proteins
e. B-cell receptors that bind weakly to T-cell receptors


Answer: T-cell receptors (TCR) that can bind weakly to self MHC proteins

The antigen binding receptor expressing hepatitis antigen in an infected liver cell would be:

The antigen binding receptor expressing hepatitis antigen in an infected liver cell would be:

a. TCR
b. MHC II
c. MHC I
d. CD4
e. CD


Answer: MHC I

Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterial STD that lives intracellularly within human host cells; what immune response would most likely prevail in this infection?

Chlamydia trachomatis is a bacterial STD that lives intracellularly within human host cells; what immune response would most likely prevail in this infection?

a. more TH2 cells than TH1 cells
b. more TH1 cells than TH2 cells
c. equal ratio of TH1 cells to TH2 cells
d. more B cells than CD8 cells
e. mostly antibody


Answer: more TH2 cells than TH1 cells

A Herpesviridae viral infection would most likely stimulate which immune cells for clearance of the infection?

A Herpesviridae viral infection would most likely stimulate which immune cells for clearance of the infection? 

a. cytotoxic T cells
b. helper T cells
c. B cells
d. mast cells
e. macrophage


Answer: b. helper T cells

Anti-Streptococcus antibodies found in the serum of a patient during a primary antibody response differ from the antibodies produced during a secondary response to the same antigen because of:

Anti-Streptococcus antibodies found in the serum of a patient during a primary antibody response differ from the antibodies produced during a secondary response to the same antigen because of: 

a. VDJ recombination
b. affinity maturation
c. class switching
d. MHC processing
e. antigen adaptatio


Answer: affinity maturation