Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.

Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. 

A) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization.
B) A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body.
C) The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism.
D) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.


Answer: D) Active passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies

Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.

Select the correct definition about tissue grafts.

A) Isografts are between identical twins.
B) Allografts are between different species.
C) Xenografts are between individuals of the same species.
D) Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals.


Answer: A) isografts are between identical twins

Natural killer (NK) cells ________.

Natural killer (NK) cells ________.

A) are also called cytotoxic T cells
B) are a type of phagocyte
C) are cells of the adaptive immune system
D) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated


Answer: D) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated

Clonal selection of B cells ________.

Clonal selection of B cells ________.

A) occurs during fetal development
B) results in the formation of plasma cells
C) cannot occur in the presence of antigens
D) only occurs in the secondary immune response


Answer: B) results in the formation of plasma cells

Fever ________.

Fever ________.

A) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous
B) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy
C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
D) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication


Answer: C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?

A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria
C) activates the complement mechanism
D) activates the inflammatory process


Answer: A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?

A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue
B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens
D) sets the stage for repair processes


Answer: B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?

Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?

A) infected cells
B) some cancer cells
C) foreign tissue transplants
D) pathogens in the CNS


Answer: D) pathogens in the CNS

Which statement is true about T cells?

Which statement is true about T cells?

A) They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells.
B) T-Cells only recognize fragments of antigenic proteins that have been processed and are presented.
C) Activated T-Cells produced antibodies.
D) T-Cells will develop into cytotoxic T cells if an antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.


Answer: B) T-Cells only recognize fragments of antigenic proteins that have been processed and are presented

Which of the following is not a first line of defense?

Which of the following is not a first line of defense?

A) IgA antibodies in sweat.
B) The acid mantle of the skin.
C) gut associated lymphoid tissue
D) dust cells of the lungs


Answer: D) dust cells in the lungs

Innate immune system defenses include ________.

Innate immune system defenses include ________. 

A) B cells
B) T cells
C) plasma cells
D) phagocytosis


Answer: D) phagocytosis

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.

A) reducing its size
B) immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies
C) forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell
D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells


Answer: D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?

Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?

A) neutralizing antigen
B) activating cytokines
C) enhancing phagocytosis
D) agglutinating and precipitating antigen


Answer: B) activating cytokines

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

A) exposure to an antigen
B) infusion of weakened viruses
C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
D) booster shot of vaccine


Answer: C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Which of the following is not a type of T cell?

Which of the following is not a type of T cell?

A) cytotoxic
B) antigenic
C) helper
D) regulator


Answer: B) antigenic

The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds.

The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds.

A) disulfide
B) hydrogen
C) amino acid
D) sodium


Answer: A) disulfide

The primary immune response ________.

The primary immune response ________.

A) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response
B) occurs when memory cells are stimulated
C) is another name for immunological memory
D) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells


Answer: D) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

Which of the following statements about Complement is false?

Which of the following statements about Complement is false? 

A) Complement consists of a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form.
B) Complement can be activated through three pathways: classical, secondary, and alternate.
C) The membrane attack complex consists of complement proteins C5b - C9. The MAC creates pores in target cell membranes.
D) Immune clearance, which involves C3b binding Ag-Ab complexes to red blood cells, and macrophages removing and destroying the Ag-Ab complexes in the liver and spleen, is the principle method of clearing foreign antigens from the blood stream.


Answer: B) complement can be activated through three pathways: classical, secondary and alternate

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? 

A) keratin
B) cilia
C) gastric juice
D) phagocytes


Answer: D) phagocytes

Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies.

Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies. 

A) Antibodies may directly destroy "invaders."
B) Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together.
C) The binding of antibodies to antigens marks the antigen to be destroyed by specific and nonspecific immune mechanisms.
D) IgG is found on mast cells and basophils.


Answer: C) the binding of antibodies to antigens marks the antigen to be destroyed by specific and nonspecific immune mechanisms