Archive for March 2019

All of the following are true of the common cold EXCEPT

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All of the following are true of the common cold EXCEPT



A) it is caused by rhinoviruses and coronaviruses.
B) it is transmitted via aerosols and contact.
C) early treatment will drastically reduce the disease symptoms.
D) complications include laryngitis and otitis media.
E) the duration of symptoms is approximately one week


Answer: early treatment will drastically reduce the disease symptoms

Which of the following is mismatched?

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Which of the following is mismatched?



A) epiglottitis — Haemophilus
B) Q fever — Rickettsia
C) psittacosis — Chlamydia
D) whooping cough — Bordetella
E) melioidosis — Burkholderia


Answer: Q fever - Rickettsia

Which of the following is mismatched?

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Which of the following is mismatched?



A) Corynebacterium — gram-positive rod
B) Mycobacterium — acid-fast rod
C) Mycoplasma — gram-positive pleomorphic rod
D) Bordetella — gram-negative pleomorphic rod
E) Haemophilus — gram-negative rod


Answer: mycoplasma - gram-positive pleomorphic rod

Which of the following is mismatched?

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Which of the following is mismatched?



A) pharyngitis — sore throat
B) laryngitis — voice loss
C) epiglottitis — sore throat
D) sinusitis — headache and nasal mucous
E) otitis media — earache


Answer: epiglottitis - sore throat

A 62-year-old man was hospitalized with an eight-day history of fever, chills, sweats, and vomiting. His temperature on admission was 40°C (104°F). A routine peripheral blood smear revealed ring-shaped bodies in the RBCs. What treatment would you prescribe?

01:33 Add Comment

A 62-year-old man was hospitalized with an eight-day history of fever, chills, sweats, and vomiting. His temperature on admission was 40°C (104°F). A routine peripheral blood smear revealed ring-shaped bodies in the RBCs. What treatment would you prescribe?



A) hyperbaric oxygen
B) mefloquine
C) no treatment
D) penicillin
E) streptomycin


Answer: mefloquine

A patient complains of fever, severe muscle and joint pain, and a rash. The patient reports returning from a Caribbean vacation one week ago. Which of the following do you suspect?

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A patient complains of fever, severe muscle and joint pain, and a rash. The patient reports returning from a Caribbean vacation one week ago. Which of the following do you suspect?



A) Lassa fever
B) dengue
C) Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever
D) typhus
E) yellow fever


Answer: dengue

Which of the following leads to all the others?

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Which of the following leads to all the others?



A) subcutaneous hemorrhaging
B) presence of antirickettsial antibodies
C) blockage of capillaries
D) bacterial growth in endothelial cells
E) breakage of capillaries


Answer: bacterial growth in endothelial cells

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

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Which of the following pairs is mismatched?



A) cat-scratch disease — malignant pustule developing into septicemia
B) brucellosis — a temperature of 40°C each evening
C) tularemia — a localized infection appearing as a small ulcer
D) Borrelia — rash and flulike
E) toxoplasmosis — congenital brain damage


Answer: cat-scratch disease - malignant pustule developing into septicemia

A characteristic symptom of plague is

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A characteristic symptom of plague is



A) small red spots on the skin.
B) swollen lymph nodes.
C) rose-colored spots.
D) recurrent fever.
E) nausea and vomiting


Answer: swollen lymph nodes

A patient returning from an extended trip into Mexico has the following symptoms: a papule at the site of a previous bug bite and enlarged lymph nodes. Microscopic examination of the papule reveals nucleated cells in white blood cells. The patient most likely has

01:28 Add Comment

A patient returning from an extended trip into Mexico has the following symptoms: a papule at the site of a previous bug bite and enlarged lymph nodes. Microscopic examination of the papule reveals nucleated cells in white blood cells. The patient most likely has



A) anthrax.
B) brucellosis.
C) leishmaniasis.
D) malaria.
E) schistosomiasis


Answer: leishmaniasis

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

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Which of the following pairs is mismatched?



A) Borrelia — relapsing fever
B) Yersinia — plague
C) Streptobacillus — rat-bite fever
D) Pasteurella — cat-scratch disease
E) Spirillum — rat-bite fever


Answer: pasteurella - cat-scratch disease

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

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Which of the following pairs is mismatched?



A) Rickettsia — intracellular parasite
B) Brucella — gram-negative aerobic rods
C) Francisella — gram-positive facultatively anaerobic pleomorphic bacillus
D) Bacillus — gram-positive endospore-forming rods
E) None of the pairs is mismatched


Answer: francisella - gram-positive facultatively anaerobic pleomorphic bacillus

Which of the following statements about rheumatic fever is FALSE?

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Which of the following statements about rheumatic fever is FALSE?



A) It is a complication of a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection.
B) It is an inflammation of the heart.
C) It is an inflammation of the joints.
D) It is rarely fatal, even when untreated.
E) The incidence has declined in the last ten years


Answer: it is rarely fatal, even when untreated

Which of the following statements about schistosomiasis is FALSE?

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Which of the following statements about schistosomiasis is FALSE?



A) The cercariae penetrate human skin.
B) They symptoms are caused by immune reactions to the eggs shed in the human host.
C) The intermediate host is an aquatic snail.
D) It is caused by a roundworm.
E) The female worm lives in a groove that runs down the body of the male


Answer: it is caused by a roundworm

Which of the following statements about puerperal sepsis is FALSE?

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Which of the following statements about puerperal sepsis is FALSE?



A) It is transmitted from mother to fetus.
B) It is caused by health care personnel.
C) It begins as a focal infection.
D) It is a complication of abortion or childbirth.
E) Its frequency of occurrence has decreased because of antibiotics and aseptic techniques


Answer: it is transmitted from mother to fetus

Which of the following pairs does NOT apply to Chagas' disease?

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Which of the following pairs does NOT apply to Chagas' disease?



A) causative agent — Trypanosoma cruzi
B) vector — kissing bug
C) reservoir — rodents
D) diagnosis of acute phase — serological tests for antibodies
E) treatment — nifurtimox


Answer: diagnosis of acute phase - serological tests for antibodies

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

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Which of the following pairs is mismatched?



A) malaria — Anopheles (mosquito)
B) dengue — Aedes (mosquito)
C) epidemic typhus — Pediculus (louse)
D) Rocky Mountain spotted fever — Dermacentor (tick)
E) encephalitis — Ixodes (tick)


Answer: encephalitis - lyodes (tick)

Which of the following statements about tularemia is FALSE?

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Which of the following statements about tularemia is FALSE?



A) It is caused by Francisella tularensis.
B) The most common reservoir is rabbits.
C) It may be transmitted by arthropods.
D) It may be transmitted by direct contact.
E) It occurs only in California


Answer: it occurs only in California

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

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Which of the following pairs is mismatched?



A) subacute bacterial endocarditis — alpha-hemolytic streptococci
B) acute bacterial endocarditis — Staphylococcus aureus
C) pericarditis — Streptococcus pyogenes
D) puerperal sepsis — Staphylococcus aureus
E) Burkitt's lymphoma — Epstein-Barr virus


Answer: puerperal sepsis - staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following statements about sepsis is FALSE?

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Which of the following statements about sepsis is FALSE?



A) Symptoms include fever and decreased blood pressure.
B) Lymphangitis may occur.
C) It can be treated with antibiotics.
D) It usually is caused by gram-positive bacteria.
E) It may be aggravated by antibiotics.


Answer: it usually is caused by gram-positive bacteria

All of the following are true of poliomyelitis EXCEPT

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All of the following are true of poliomyelitis EXCEPT



A) infection is due to ingestion of contaminated water.
B) initial sites of viral replication are the throat and small intestine.
C) most cases result in muscle paralysis.
D) the majority of cases are asymptomatic.
E) the oral polio vaccine contains attenuated strains of the virus


Answer: most cases result in muscle paralysis

All of the following are true of M. leprae EXCEPT

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All of the following are true of M. leprae EXCEPT



A) it grows best at temperatures below 37° C.
B) it survives ingestion by macrophages.
C) it invades cells of the PNS.
D) it can be cultured in armadillos.
E) it has a very short generation time of approximately twelve hours


Answer: it has a very short generation time of approximately twelve hours

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

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Which of the following pairs is mismatched?



A) tetanus — releases potent neurotoxin
B) botulism — stimulates transmission of nerve impulse
C) poliomyelitis — multiplication of virus occurs in throat and small intestine
D) rabies virus — destroys cells of the CNS
E) leprosy — deformation of nose and hands can occur


Answer: botulism - simulates transmission of nerve impulse

A one-year-old boy was listless, irritable, and sleepy. Capsulated Gram-negative rods were cultured from his cerebrospinal fluid. His symptoms were caused by

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A one-year-old boy was listless, irritable, and sleepy. Capsulated Gram-negative rods were cultured from his cerebrospinal fluid. His symptoms were caused by



A) Neisseria meningitidis.
B) rabies.
C) Clostridium tetani.
D) Haemophilus influenzae.
E) a prion.


Answer: Haemophilus influenzae

On October 5, a pet store sold a kitten that subsequently died. On October 22, rabies was diagnosed in the kitten. Between September 19 and October 23, the pet store had sold 34 kittens. Approximately 1000 people responded to health care providers following local media alerts. These people were given

01:15 Add Comment

On October 5, a pet store sold a kitten that subsequently died. On October 22, rabies was diagnosed in the kitten. Between September 19 and October 23, the pet store had sold 34 kittens. Approximately 1000 people responded to health care providers following local media alerts. These people were given



A) antibiotics.
B) human diploid cell vaccine.
C) immune globulin injections.
D) antiviral medications.
E) postexposure prophylaxis


Answer: postexposure prophylaxis

On June 30, a 47-year-old man was hospitalized with dizziness, blurred vision, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, and nausea. Examination revealed facial paralysis. He reported eating home-canned green beans and stew containing roast beef and potatoes 24 hours before onset of symptoms. The patient should be treated with

01:15 Add Comment

On June 30, a 47-year-old man was hospitalized with dizziness, blurred vision, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, and nausea. Examination revealed facial paralysis. He reported eating home-canned green beans and stew containing roast beef and potatoes 24 hours before onset of symptoms. The patient should be treated with



A) antibiotics.
B) toxin.
C) surgery.
D) vaccination.
E) supportive care, including respiratory assistance



Answer: supportive care, including respiratory assistance

Diagnosis of rabies is confirmed by

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Diagnosis of rabies is confirmed by



A) Gram stain.
B) direct fluorescent-antibody test.
C) patient's symptoms.
D) passive agglutination.
E) patient's death


Answer: direct fluorescent-antibody test

Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis is commonly acquired by

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Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis is commonly acquired by



A) exposure to bird droppings.
B) mosquito bites.
C) swimming in warm ponds or streams.
D) ingestion of water contaminated with fecal material.
E) exposure to body fluids of a contaminated individual


Answer: swimming in warm ponds or streams

A physician diagnoses a patient with lepromatous Hansen's disease. All of the following pertain to the patient EXCEPT

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A physician diagnoses a patient with lepromatous Hansen's disease. All of the following pertain to the patient EXCEPT



A) disfiguring nodules form all over the body.
B) the disease has progressed from the tuberculoid stage.
C) a skin biopsy will be taken to aid diagnosis.
D) treatment will include injections of penicillin.
E) infection probably occurred as a result of prolonged contact with another infected individual


Answer: treatment will include injections of penicillin

All of the following are true of chronic fatigue syndrome EXCEPT

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All of the following are true of chronic fatigue syndrome EXCEPT



A) it may have a genetic component.
B) it is also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis.
C) it is a psychological disorder.
D) it often begins with flu-like symptoms that do not go away.
E) it may be triggered by a viral infection


Answer: it is a psychological disorder

An eight-year-old girl in rural Wisconsin has chills, headache, and fever and reports having been bitten by mosquitoes. How would you confirm your diagnosis of arboviral encephalitis?

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An eight-year-old girl in rural Wisconsin has chills, headache, and fever and reports having been bitten by mosquitoes. How would you confirm your diagnosis of arboviral encephalitis?



A) ELISA test for IgM antibodies
B) brain biopsy for Negri bodies
C) Gram stain of cerebrospinal fluid
D) examination of local mosquitoes
E) complement fixation test for IgG antibodies


Answer: ELISA test for IgM antibodies

A 30-year-old woman was hospitalized after she experienced convulsions. On examination, she was alert and oriented and complained of a fever, headache, and stiff neck. Which of the following is most likely to provide rapid identification of the cause of her symptoms?

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A 30-year-old woman was hospitalized after she experienced convulsions. On examination, she was alert and oriented and complained of a fever, headache, and stiff neck. Which of the following is most likely to provide rapid identification of the cause of her symptoms?



A) Gram stain of cerebrospinal fluid
B) Gram stain of throat culture
C) biopsy of brain tissue
D) check serum antibodies
E) None of these would provide rapid identification


Answer: gram stain of cerebrospinal fluid

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

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Which of the following pairs is mismatched?



A) leprosy — direct contact
B) poliomyelitis — respiratory route
C) meningococcal meningitis — respiratory route
D) rabies — direct contact
E) listeriosis — ingestion


Answer: poliomyelitis - respiratory route

Encephalitis is more common in the summer months because

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Encephalitis is more common in the summer months because



A) pathogens are present in swimming pools and lakes.
B) ameba populations increase in swimming pools.
C) ticks are encountered while hiking in the woods.
D) mosquito populations increase.
E) people encounter more bats during warm summer evenings


Answer: mosquito populations increase

All of the following are associated with botulism outbreaks EXCEPT

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All of the following are associated with botulism outbreaks EXCEPT



A) type A toxin is most virulent.
B) endospores of C. botulinum have been recovered from honey.
C) type E toxin is associated with seafood.
D) Alaskan natives have the lowest rate of botulism in the world.
E) antibodies are not an effective method of treatment


Answer: Alaskan natives have the lowest rate of botulism in the world

The most effective control of mosquito-borne disease is

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The most effective control of mosquito-borne disease is



A) treatment of infected humans.
B) treatment of infected wild animals.
C) elimination of the mosquito population.
D) avoidance of endemic areas.
E) treatment of uninfected humans


Answer: elimination of the mosquito population

A 30-year-old woman was hospitalized after she experienced convulsions. On examination, she was alert and oriented and complained of a fever, headache, and stiff neck. Any of the following organisms could be responsible for her symptoms EXCEPT

01:02 1 Comment

A 30-year-old woman was hospitalized after she experienced convulsions. On examination, she was alert and oriented and complained of a fever, headache, and stiff neck. Any of the following organisms could be responsible for her symptoms EXCEPT



A) Clostridium botulinum.
B) Listeria monocytogenes.
C) Haemophilus influenza.
D) Streptococcus pneumoniae.
E) Any of these organisms could be the causative agent


Answer: clostridium botulinum

All of the following diseases are caused by arbovirus EXCEPT

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All of the following diseases are caused by arbovirus EXCEPT



A) St. Louis encephalitis.
B) eastern equine encephalitis.
C) West Nile encephalitis.
D) primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).
E) None of the answers is correct; all of these diseases are caused by arbovirus


Answer: primary amebic meningoencephalitis

The symptoms of tetanus are due to

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The symptoms of tetanus are due to



A) endospore formation.
B) systemic infection.
C) sustained relaxation of muscles.
D) tetanospasmin.
E) inflammation


Answer: tetanospasmin

Which of the following statements about rabies is FALSE?

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Which of the following statements about rabies is FALSE?



A) It is caused by Lyssavirus.
B) Hydrophobia is associated with the disease.
C) Most infections in the U.S. are the result of bites from infected dogs.
D) Diagnosis is based on immunofluorescent techniques.
E) Average incubation period is 30 to 50 days after initial infection.


Answer: most infections in the US are the result of bites from infected dogs

Which of the following statements about leprosy is FALSE?

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Which of the following statements about leprosy is FALSE?



A) It is rarely fatal.
B) Patients with leprosy must be isolated.
C) It is transmitted by direct contact.
D) Diagnosis is based on skin biopsy.
E) The etiologic agent is acid-fast


Answer: patients with leprosy must be isolated

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

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Which of the following pairs is mismatched?



A) Neisseria meningitidis — produces deadly endotoxins
B) Haemophilus influenzae — virulence due to capsule
C) Mycobacterium leprae — cultured in armadillos
D) Cryptococcus neoformans — acid-fast rod
E) Naegleria fowleri — causes amoebic encephalitis


Answer: cryptococcus neoformans - acid-fast rod

Which of the following statements about Neisseria meningitis is FALSE?

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Which of the following statements about Neisseria meningitis is FALSE?



A) A healthy carrier state can exist.
B) It is encapsulated.
C) It is typically transmitted by droplet aerosols or direct contact with secretions.
D) Its most distinguishing feature is a unique rash.
E) It is a gram-positive anaerobe.


Answer: it is a gram-positive anaerobe

Bacterial encephalitis and meningitis are difficult to treat because

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Bacterial encephalitis and meningitis are difficult to treat because



A) no medications exist for treatment of these infections.
B) antibiotics damage nervous tissue.
C) many antibiotics cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
D) the infections move along peripheral nerves.
E) it is very difficult to determine the causative microbe.


Answer: many antibiotics cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier

All of the following are true regarding African trypanosomiasis EXCEPT

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All of the following are true regarding African trypanosomiasis EXCEPT



A) it is also known as "sleeping sickness."
B) all subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei have multiple hosts.
C) it is transmitted by the tsetse fly.
D) death ultimately occurs without proper treatment.
E) Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is the more common cause of disease.


Answer: all subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei have multiple hosts

A 17-year-old boy has pus-filled cysts on his face and upper back. Microscopic examination reveals gram-positive rods. This infection is caused by

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A 17-year-old boy has pus-filled cysts on his face and upper back. Microscopic examination reveals gram-positive rods. This infection is caused by



A) Acanthamoeba.
B) herpes simplex virus.
C) Propionibacterium acnes.
D) Staphylococcus aureus.
E) Streptococcus pyogenes


Answer: propionibacterium acnes

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

00:57 1 Comment

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?



A) chickenpox — poxvirus
B) conjunctivitis — Chlamydia trachomatis
C) keratitis — Acanthamoeba
D) otitis externa - Pseudomonas
E) Buruli ulcer — Mycobacterium


Answer: chickenpox - poxivirus

Assume that your lab partner swabs the side of his face and uses the swab to inoculate a nutrient agar plate. The next day, he performs a Gram stain on the colonies. They are gram-positive cocci. You advise him that he should next look for

00:57 Add Comment

Assume that your lab partner swabs the side of his face and uses the swab to inoculate a nutrient agar plate. The next day, he performs a Gram stain on the colonies. They are gram-positive cocci. You advise him that he should next look for



A) an acid-fast reaction.
B) a coagulase reaction.
C) conidiospores.
D) pseudohyphae.
E) pseudopods


Answer: a coagulase reaction

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

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Which of the following is incorrectly matched?



A) Haemophilus influenzae — pinkeye
B) Chlamydia trachomatis — trachoma
C) Neisseria gonorrhea — opthalmia neonatorum
D) Acanthamoeba — keratitis
E) Pseudomonas — inclusion conjunctivitis


Answer: pseudomonas - inclusion conjunctivitis

A 35-year-old woman has a red, raised rash on the inside of her thighs. Gram-stained skin scrapings show large budding cells with pseudohyphae. The infection is caused by

00:56 Add Comment

A 35-year-old woman has a red, raised rash on the inside of her thighs. Gram-stained skin scrapings show large budding cells with pseudohyphae. The infection is caused by



A) Candida albicans.
B) herpes simplex virus.
C) Staphylococcus aureus.
D) Streptococcus pyogenes.
E) varicella-zoster virus


Answer: candida albicans

A 45-year-old man has pus-filled vesicles distributed over his back in the upper right quadrant, over his right shoulder, and upper right quadrant of his chest. His symptoms are most likely due to

00:56 Add Comment

A 45-year-old man has pus-filled vesicles distributed over his back in the upper right quadrant, over his right shoulder, and upper right quadrant of his chest. His symptoms are most likely due to



A) Candida albicans.
B) herpes simplex virus.
C) Staphylococcus aureus.
D) Streptococcus pyogenes.
E) varicella-zoster virus


Answer: varicella-zoster virus

Buruli ulcer is caused by

00:55 Add Comment

Buruli ulcer is caused by



A) gram-positive bacteria.
B) acid-fast bacteria.
C) a fungus.
D) a virus.
E) a mite


Answer: acid-fast bacteria

The eradication of smallpox was possible because

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The eradication of smallpox was possible because



A) it was a relatively mild disease.
B) insect vectors were eliminated.
C) there are no animal reservoirs of the virus.
D) it can be prevented with the same vaccine used to prevent chickenpox.
E) it occurs only in the tropic


Answer: there are no animal reservoirs of the virus

Which of the following statements about Reye syndrome is FALSE?

00:53 Add Comment

Which of the following statements about Reye syndrome is FALSE?



A) It is associated with aspirin use.
B) It is a complication that may occur in chickenpox infection.
C) It mostly affects older adults.
D) Symptoms may include vomiting, drowsiness, or behavior changes.
E) Prolonged neurological problems may occur.


Answer: it mostly affects older adults

Which of the following are incorrectly matched?

00:52 1 Comment

Which of the following are incorrectly matched?



A) varicella-zoster — chickenpox
B) parvovirus — fifth disease
C) HHV-6 — roseola
D) herpes zoster — shingles
E) poxvirus — fever blisters


Answer: poxvirus - fever blisters

Which of the following statements about congenital rubella syndrome is FALSE?

00:52 Add Comment

Which of the following statements about congenital rubella syndrome is FALSE?



A) It is contracted during the first trimester of pregnancy.
B) It may be fatal to the unborn child.
C) It may result in deafness, blindness, and mental retardation.
D) It does not occur with subclinical infections.
E) It can be prevented by vaccinating women prior to pregnancy


Answer: it does not occur with subclinical infections

Why is vaccination for rubella recommended?

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Why is vaccination for rubella recommended?



A) It has a high mortality rate in school-age children.
B) Death from secondary infections is common.
C) There is a high incidence of congenital infections and birth defects.
D) Health care workers have a high incidence of infection.
E) It is no longer recommended; rubella has been eradicated


Answer: there is a high incidence of congenital infections and birth defects

Newborns' eyes are treated with an antibiotic

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Newborns' eyes are treated with an antibiotic



A) when Neisseria gonorrhoeae is isolated from the eyes.
B) when the mother is blind.
C) when the mother has genital herpes.
D) when the mother has gonorrhea.
E) as a routine precaution.


Answer: as a routine precaution

Which of the following cause(s) ringworm?

00:48 Add Comment

Which of the following cause(s) ringworm?



A) Microsporum
B) Epidermophyton
C) Mycobacterium
D) Microsporum and Epidermophyton
E) Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Mycobacterium


Answer: microsporum and epidermophyton

Thrush and vaginitis are caused by

00:47 Add Comment

Thrush and vaginitis are caused by



A) herpesvirus.
B) Chlamydia trachomatis.
C) Candida albicans.
D) Staphylococcus aureus.
E) Streptococcus pyogenes


Answer: candida albicans

Which of the following is NOT true of acne?

00:43 Add Comment

Which of the following is NOT true of acne?



A) It can be treated by eliminating fatty foods from the diet.
B) It is often due to the action of Propionibacterium.
C) Drugs that inhibit sebum formation are useful in treating inflammatory acne.
D) Mild cases are treated with topical agents.
E) Antibiotics may be prescribed for moderate cases


Answer: it can be treated by eliminating fatty foods from the diet

An eight-year-old girl has scabs and pus-filled vesicles on her face and throat. Three weeks earlier she had visited her grandmother, who had shingles. What infection does the eight-year-old have?

00:42 Add Comment

An eight-year-old girl has scabs and pus-filled vesicles on her face and throat. Three weeks earlier she had visited her grandmother, who had shingles. What infection does the eight-year-old have?



A) chickenpox
B) measles
C) fever blisters
D) scabies
E) rubella


Answer: chickenpox

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