Which two antibiotics affect the DNA and RNA of bacteria?

Which two antibiotics affect the DNA and RNA of bacteria? A. tetracycline and amphotericin B B. trimethoprim and sulfonamides C. rifampin and quinolones D....

Which therapeutic index value would be the drug of choice?

Which therapeutic index value would be the drug of choice? A. 20 B. 10 C. 1 D. 0.1 E. Any value would be equally effective. Answer: ...

If pathogen A is more resistant to an erythromycin disc on a Kirby-Bauer plate compared to pathogen B, then pathogen A will have a(n) _____ zone of inhibition compared to pathogen B.

If pathogen A is more resistant to an erythromycin disc on a Kirby-Bauer plate compared to pathogen B, then pathogen A will have a(n) _____ zone of...

A ratio of the dose of a drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions. This is called the

A ratio of the dose of a drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic...

A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobials in broth and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient's isolated pathogen. What is this microbiologist setting up?

A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobials in broth and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount...

Drug susceptibility testing determines

Drug susceptibility testing determines A. the patient's response to various antimicrobials. B. the pathogen's response to various antimicrobials. C....

The _____ are drugs that deposit in developing teeth and cause a permanent brown discoloration.

The _____ are drugs that deposit in developing teeth and cause a permanent brown discoloration. A. streptomycins B. cephalosporins C. macrolides D....

A superinfection results from

A superinfection results from A. buildup of a drug to toxic levels in the patient. B. the wrong drug administered to the patient. C. an immune system...

Side effects that occur in patient's tissues while on antimicrobial drugs include all the following except

Side effects that occur in patient's tissues while on antimicrobial drugs include all the following except A. development of resistance to the drug. B....

Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's normal flora often cause

Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's normal flora often cause A. nephrotoxicity. B. superinfections. C. allergic reactions. D. drug toxicity. E....

The use of vaginal inserts of Lactobacillus to restore healthy vaginal biota is an example of

The use of vaginal inserts of Lactobacillus to restore healthy vaginal biota is an example of A. prebiotics. B. probiotics. C. lantibiotics. D. phytobiotics. E....

Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestines are known as

Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestines are known as A. prebiotics. B. probiotics. C. lantibiotics. D. phytobiotics. E....

Each of the following contributes to emerging drug resistance except

Each of the following contributes to emerging drug resistance except A. overuse of antibiotics. B. improper use of antibiotics. C. multiple drug therapy. D....

Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except

Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except A. transposons. B. R-plasmids. C. conjugation. D....

Each of the following result in drug resistance except

Each of the following result in drug resistance except A. drug pumped out of the cell. B. drug used as a nutrient by the cell. C. drug binding site...

Microbial resistance resulting from mutation occurs because

Microbial resistance resulting from mutation occurs because A. bacterial genomes undergo mutation rapidly. B. bacterial genomes undergo mutation...

The multidrug-resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function by

The multidrug-resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function by A. bacterial chromosomal mutations. B. synthesis of enzymes that alter...

The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include

The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include A. bacterial chromosomal mutations. B. synthesis of enzymes that alter drug...

Which of the following block HIV binding to host cell receptors?

Which of the following block HIV binding to host cell receptors? A. AZT B. acyclovir C. nevirapine D. fuzeon E. amantidine Answer: ...

Acyclovir is used to treat

Acyclovir is used to treat A. influenza A virus. B. HIV. C. herpes simplex virus. D. respiratory syncytial virus. E. hepatitis C virus. Answer:...

Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat

Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat A. influenza A virus. B. HIV. C. herpes zoster virus. D. respiratory syncytial...

An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that

An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that A. blocks penetration. B. blocks transcription and translation. C....

Which of the following is not a mode of action of antiviral drugs?

Which of the following is not a mode of action of antiviral drugs? A. block penetration B. block transcription and translation C. inhibit DNA synthesis D....

Primaquine and chloroquine are drugs used in the treatment of

Primaquine and chloroquine are drugs used in the treatment of A. gram-positive infections. B. gram-negative infections. C. fungal infections. D....

There are fewer antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antihelminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi, protozoa, and helminths

There are fewer antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antihelminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi, protozoa, and helminths A. do not...

Mebendazole is a drug used to treat _____ infections.

Mebendazole is a drug used to treat _____ infections. A. bacterial B. fungal C. protozoan D. helminthic E. viral Answer: ...

The drug used for several protozoan infections is

The drug used for several protozoan infections is A. nystatin. B. griseofulvin. C. amphotericin B. D. sulfa drugs. E. metronidazole. Answer:...

Which of the following is not a drug group used to treat fungal infections?

Which of the following is not a drug group used to treat fungal infections? A. quinolones B. macrolide polyene antibiotics C. griseofulvins D. synthetic...

Ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole are broad-spectrum azoles used to treat _____ infections.

Ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole are broad-spectrum azoles used to treat _____ infections. A. bacterial B. fungal C. protozoan D....

The antifungal drug that can be injected to treat serious systemic fungal infections, like histoplasmosis, is

The antifungal drug that can be injected to treat serious systemic fungal infections, like histoplasmosis, is A. nystatin. B. griseofulvin. C. amphotericin...

Which of the following is not true of polymyxins?

Which of the following is not true of polymyxins? A. disrupt the cell membrane B. have a narrow spectrum C. toxic to kidneys D. target cell walls E....

Which newer synthetic drug is used to treat MRSA and VRE infections?

Which newer synthetic drug is used to treat MRSA and VRE infections? A. synercid B. clindamycin C. linezolid D. azithromycin E. clarithromycin Answer:...

Which of the following antibacterial drug groups does not target protein synthesis?

Which of the following antibacterial drug groups does not target protein synthesis? A. clindamycin B. erythromycin C. aminoglycosides D. sulfonamides E....

The drug that can cause injury to red blood cells and white blood cells is

The drug that can cause injury to red blood cells and white blood cells is A. chloramphenicol. B. clindamycin. C. ciprofloxacin. D. bacitracin. E....

Antimicrobials that are macrolides

Antimicrobials that are macrolides A. disrupt cell membrane function. B. include tetracyclines. C. include azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin. D....

Which of these drugs has the most narrow spectrum?

Which of these drugs has the most narrow spectrum? A. tetracycline B. isoniazid C. erythromycin D. aminoglycosides E. cephalosporins Answer:...

Which antimicrobial does not interfere with protein synthesis?

Which antimicrobial does not interfere with protein synthesis? A. aminoglycosides B. tetracyclines C. erythromycin D. trimethoprim E. gentamicin Answer:...

Gram-negative rods are often treated with

Gram-negative rods are often treated with A. penicillin G. B. vancomycin. C. aminoglycosides. D. Synercid. E. isoniazid. Answer: ...

Clavulanic acid

Clavulanic acid A. inhibits B-lactamase activity. B. inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis. C. inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan cross-linkages. D....

What cell wall inhibiting drug is used in cases of penicillin and methicillin resistance?

What cell wall inhibiting drug is used in cases of penicillin and methicillin resistance? A. penicillin G B. vancomycin C. tetracycline D. erythromycin E....

Which drug is used to treat cases of tuberculosis?

Which drug is used to treat cases of tuberculosis? A. penicillin G B. vancomycin C. tetracycline D. synercid E. isoniazid Answer: ...

Which antimicrobial does not inhibit cell wall synthesis?

Which antimicrobial does not inhibit cell wall synthesis? A. gentamicin B. vancomycin C. cephalosporins D. penicillins E. bacitracin Answer:...

What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins?

What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins? A. synercid B. penicillinase C. aztreonam D. clavulanic acid E....

A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is

A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is A. synercid. B. penicillinase. C. aztreonam. D. clavulanic acid. E. imipenem. Answer:...

Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin Gall

Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin Gall A. target the cell wall. B. have resistance to the action of penicillinase. C. are semisynthetic. D....

Sulfa drugs work on

Sulfa drugs work on A. nucleic acid biosynthesis. B. ribosome biosynthesis. C. peptidoglycan biosynthesis. D. folic acid biosynthesis. E. None of...

Sulfonamides

Sulfonamides A. interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan. B. block folic acid synthesis. C. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein...

Each of the following target bacterial ribosomes except

Each of the following target bacterial ribosomes except A. streptomycin. B. gentamycin. C. polymyxins. D. tetracycline. E. erythromycin. Answer:...

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides A. interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan. B. block folic acid synthesis. C. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein...

Each of the following affect cell walls except

Each of the following affect cell walls except A. penicillin. B. isoniazid. C. vancomycin. D. erythromycin. E. cephalosporin. Answer: ...

Selective toxicity refers to

Selective toxicity refers to A. damage to pathogenic organisms. B. damage to prokaryotic cell membranes. C. damage to the target organisms but not...

Penicillins and cephalosporins

Penicillins and cephalosporins A. block folic acid synthesis. B. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis. C. damage cell...

The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called

The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called A. prophylaxis. B. chemotherapy. C. selective toxicity. D....

The use of a drug to prevent a person at risk of an imminent infection is called

The use of a drug to prevent a person at risk of an imminent infection is called A. competitive inhibition. B. synergism. C. prebiotics. D. prophylaxis. E....

Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include

Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include A. low toxicity for human tissues. B. high toxicity against microbial cells. C. do not cause...

Antibiotics are derived from all of the following except

Antibiotics are derived from all of the following except A. Penicillium. B. Bacillus. C. Staphylococcus. D. Streptomyces. E. Cephalosporium. Answer:...

Antimicrobials that are effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed

Antimicrobials that are effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed A. antibiotics. B. narrow-spectrum drugs. C. semisynthetic...

Substances that are naturally produced by certain microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are called

Substances that are naturally produced by certain microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are called A. antibiotics. B. narrow-spectrum...

When it is important to count the number of cells, determine cell size, and differentiate between dead and live cells, a ___ is used.

When it is important to count the number of cells, determine cell size, and differentiate between dead and live cells, a ___ is used. A. Coulter counter B....

In the viable plate count method, a measured sample of a culture is evenly spread across an agar surface and incubated. Each _____ represents one _____ from the sample.

In the viable plate count method, a measured sample of a culture is evenly spread across an agar surface and incubated. Each _____ represents one _____...

The phase of the bacterial growth curve that shows the maximum rate of cell division is the

The phase of the bacterial growth curve that shows the maximum rate of cell division is the A. lag phase. B. exponential (log) phase. C. stationary...

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which newly inoculated cells are adjusting to their new environment, metabolizing but not growing, is the

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which newly inoculated cells are adjusting to their new environment, metabolizing but not growing, is the A....

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the A. lag phase. B. log phase. C. stationary...

The time interval from parent cell to two new daughter cells is called the

The time interval from parent cell to two new daughter cells is called the A. binary fission. B. growth curve. C. generation time. D. death phase. E....

When microbes are in a close nutritional relationship, and one benefits but the other is not harmed, it is called

When microbes are in a close nutritional relationship, and one benefits but the other is not harmed, it is called A. symbiosis. B. satellitism. C....

When microbes live independently but cooperate and share nutrients, it is called

When microbes live independently but cooperate and share nutrients, it is called A. symbiosis. B. satellitism. C. antibiosis. D. mutualism. E. synergism. Answer:...

The production of antibodies is a form of antagonism called

The production of antibodies is a form of antagonism called A. symbiosis. B. satellitism. C. antibiosis. D. mutualism. E. synergism. Answer:...

The E. coli that normally live in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K for the body to use would best be termed a _____ relationship.

The E. coli that normally live in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K for the body to use would best be termed a _____ relationship. A....

A barophile would grow best in

A barophile would grow best in A. acid pools. B. the deep oceans. C. hot geyser springs. D. arid, desert soil. E. salt lakes. Answer: ...

A halophile would grow best in

A halophile would grow best in A. acid pools. B. freshwater ponds. C. hot geyser springs. D. arid, desert soil. E. salt lakes. Answer: ...

What type of media is used to demonstrate oxygen requirements of microbes?

What type of media is used to demonstrate oxygen requirements of microbes? A. blood agar B. thioglycollate C. sulfite polymyxin sulfadiazine D. sodium...

An organism that cannot grow without oxygen is a(n)

An organism that cannot grow without oxygen is a(n) A. aerobe. B. obligate aerobe. C. facultative anaerobe. D. microaerophile. E. obligate anaerobe. Answer:...

An organism that cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is a(n)

An organism that cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is a(n) A. aerobe. B. obligate aerobe. C. facultative anaerobe. D. microaerophile. E. obligate...

An organism that can exist in both oxygen and oxygenless environments is a(n)

An organism that can exist in both oxygen and oxygenless environments is a(n) A. aerobe. B. obligate aerobe. C. facultative anaerobe. D. microaerophile. E....

An organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and has the enzymes to process toxic oxygen products is a(n)

An organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and has the enzymes to process toxic oxygen products is a(n) A. aerobe. B. obligate aerobe. C....

The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes,

The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes, A. catalase and hydrogen peroxidases. B. superoxide dismutase and hydrogen...

A microaerophile

A microaerophile A. grows best in an anaerobic jar. B. grows with or without oxygen. C. needs normal atmospheric levels of oxygen. D. requires a...

A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with

A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with A. carbon dioxide. B. oxygen. C....

All of the following could find a location in or on body tissues suitable for growth except

All of the following could find a location in or on body tissues suitable for growth except A. psychrophiles. B. anaerobes. C. facultative anaerobes. D....

Human pathogens fall into the group

Human pathogens fall into the group A. psychrophiles. B. thermophiles. C. halophiles. D. mesophiles. E. acidophiles. Answer: ...

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45C to 60C would be called a(n)

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45C to 60C would be called a(n) A. extremophile. B. thermophile. C. psychrophile. D. psychrotroph. E....

An organism that grows slowly in the cold but has an optimum growth temperature of 25C is called a(n)

An organism that grows slowly in the cold but has an optimum growth temperature of 25C is called a(n) A. extremophile. B. thermophile. C. psychrophile. D....

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated out on the incubator shelf, in an anaerobic jar, and in a candle jar. After incubation, there was moderate growth of cultures in the candle and anaerobic jars, but heavy growth of the culture on the incubator shelf. This species is a(n)

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated out on the incubator shelf, in an anaerobic jar, and in a candle jar. After incubation, there was moderate...

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator, out on a lab bench top, on the shelf of a 37C incubator, and on the shelf of a 50C incubator. After incubation, there was no growth at 37C and 50C, very slight growth out on the bench top, and abundant growth at refrigeration. What term could be used for this species?

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator, out on a lab bench top, on the shelf of a 37C incubator, and on the shelf...

In _____ conditions, the cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting.

In _____ conditions, the cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting. A. hypertonic B. hypotonic C. isotonic D. All of the choices are correct. Answer:...

When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell, this endocytosis is specifically termed

When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell, this endocytosis is specifically termed A. pinocytosis. B. phagocytosis. C....

Facilitated diffusion is limited by

Facilitated diffusion is limited by A. substrate concentration. B. carrier proteins in the membrane. C. size of the pores in the membrane. D. osmotic...

Nutrient absorption is mediated by the

Nutrient absorption is mediated by the A. cell wall. B. peptidoglycan layer. C. proteins in the periplasmic space. D. cell membrane. E. nuclear membrane. Answer:...

Which of the following require the cell to use ATP?

Which of the following require the cell to use ATP? A. facilitated diffusion B. diffusion C. endocytosis D. osmosis E. None of the choices is correct. Answer:...

Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are moved to salty seawater would

Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are moved to salty seawater would A. be in a hypotonic solution. B. gain water. C. be in an isotonic...

The use of energy by a cell to enclose a substance in its membrane by forming a vacuole and engulfing it is called

The use of energy by a cell to enclose a substance in its membrane by forming a vacuole and engulfing it is called A. facilitated diffusion. B. diffusion. C....

The movement of substances from higher to lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier but no energy expenditure is called

The movement of substances from higher to lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier but no energy...

The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier and cell expenditure of energy is called

The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier and cell expenditure...

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane is called

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane is called A. facilitated diffusion. B. diffusion. C. active transport. D. osmosis. E. endocytosis. Answer:...

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called A. facilitated diffusion. B. diffusion. C....

The term facultative refers to

The term facultative refers to A. the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions. B. existing in a very narrow niche. C. using chemicals for energy...

The term obligate refers to

The term obligate refers to A. the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions. B. existing in a very narrow niche. C. using chemicals for energy...

Organisms called _____ live on or in the body of a host and cause some degree of harm.

Organisms called _____ live on or in the body of a host and cause some degree of harm. A. mesophiles B. thermophiles C. commensals D. parasites E....

Aerobic respiration is an example of

Aerobic respiration is an example of A. photosynthesis. B. methanoheterophy. C. photoheterotrophy. D. chemoheterotrophy. E. photoautotrophy. Answer:...

Archaea, as a group, are not pathogens. This is because

Archaea, as a group, are not pathogens. This is because A. they evolved without mammals. B. mammals evolved special defenses against them. C. mammalian...

Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called

Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called A. saprobes. B. parasites. C. autotrophs. D. lithoautotrophs. E. phototrophs. Answer:...

The term chemoheterotroph refers to an organism that

The term chemoheterotroph refers to an organism that A. uses CO2 for its carbon source. B. must obtain inorganic compounds for its energy source. C....

The term photoautotroph refers to an organism that

The term photoautotroph refers to an organism that A. is a decomposer. B. must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs. C. gets energy from...

An organism that uses CO2 for its carbon needs would be called a(n)

An organism that uses CO2 for its carbon needs would be called a(n) A. heterotroph. B. autotroph. C. chemoheterotroph. D. saprobe. E. halotroph. Answer:...

Calcium is required for bacteria because it

Calcium is required for bacteria because it A. stabilizes the cell wall. B. stabilizes the ribosomes. C. stabilizes the nucleoid. D. maintains cellular...

The term photoheterotroph refers to an organism that

The term photoheterotroph refers to an organism that A. uses CO2 for its carbon source. B. utilizes inorganic compounds for its carbon needs. C....

The term autotroph refers to an organism that

The term autotroph refers to an organism that A. uses CO2 for its carbon source. B. must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs. C. gets energy...

An important mineral ion that is a component of chloroplasts and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is

An important mineral ion that is a component of chloroplasts and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is A. iron. B. zinc. C. calcium. D. magnesium. E....

An important mineral ion of the cytochrome pigments of cellular respiration is

An important mineral ion of the cytochrome pigments of cellular respiration is A. iron. B. zinc. C. calcium. D. magnesium. E. potassium. Answer:...

Which of the following is not a major element of a microbial cell?

Which of the following is not a major element of a microbial cell? A. copper B. carbon C. hydrogen D. nitrogen E. oxygen Answer: ...

Most of the dry weight of a microbial cell is from

Most of the dry weight of a microbial cell is from A. inorganic compounds. B. minerals. C. water. D. organic compounds. E. salts. Answer:...

What compound has the highest concentration in a cell?

What compound has the highest concentration in a cell? A. CO2 B. CH4 C. H2O D. glucose E. NH3 Answer: ...

Microorganisms require small quantities of this nutrient for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure:

Microorganisms require small quantities of this nutrient for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure: A. element. B. macronutrient. C....

Microorganisms require large quantities of this nutrient for use in cell structure and metabolism:

Microorganisms require large quantities of this nutrient for use in cell structure and metabolism: A. element. B. macronutrient. C. water. D. growth...