Both normal and transient flora can become opportunistic pathogens.

Both normal and transient flora can become opportunistic pathogens. Answer: TR...

Urinary tract infections are the most common forms of nosocomial infections.

Urinary tract infections are the most common forms of nosocomial infections. Answer: TR...

Reservoirs of infections are always animate objects.

Reservoirs of infections are always animate objects. Answer: FAL...

A host is not considered diseased until an infection changes one's state of health.

A host is not considered diseased until an infection changes one's state of health. Answer: TR...

Compromised hosts are always suffering from suppressed immune systems.

Compromised hosts are always suffering from suppressed immune systems. Answer: FAL...

Diseases that are referred to as EIDs have only been discovered in the past fifty years.

Diseases that are referred to as EIDs have only been discovered in the past fifty years. Answer: FAL...

A researcher only needs to select a cohort group when implementing an analytical epidemiological study.

A researcher only needs to select a cohort group when implementing an analytical epidemiological study. Answer: FAL...

MMWR is a publication by the CDC that reports on only emerging diseases.

MMWR is a publication by the CDC that reports on only emerging diseases. Answer: FAL...

Testing the effectiveness of a new drug for anthrax would be best performed as an experimental study.

Testing the effectiveness of a new drug for anthrax would be best performed as an experimental study. Answer: TRU...

For a particular disease at a specific time period, morbidity rates should always be equal or greater than mortality rates.

For a particular disease at a specific time period, morbidity rates should always be equal or greater than mortality rates. Answer: TR...

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Antimicrobial therapy for hemodialysis-associated infections increases antibiotic resistance. B) S....

The graph in Figure 14.3 shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicates a(n)

The graph in Figure 14.3 shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicates a(n) A) endemic level. B)...

Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of a

Pseudomonas bacteria colonized the bile duct of a patient following his liver transplant surgery. This is an example of a A) communicable disease. B)...

Which one of the following is NOT a zoonosis?

Which one of the following is NOT a zoonosis? A) cat-scratch disease B) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome C) rabies D) tapeworm E) None of the answers...

If a prodromal period exists for a certain disease, it should occur prior to

If a prodromal period exists for a certain disease, it should occur prior to A) incubation. B) illness. C) decline. D) convalescence. Answer:...

The yeast Candida albicans does not normally cause disease because of

The yeast Candida albicans does not normally cause disease because of A) symbiotic bacteria. B) antagonistic bacteria. C) parasitic bacteria. D) commensal...

Which of the following is NOT an example of microbial antagonism?

Which of the following is NOT an example of microbial antagonism? A) acid production by bacteria B) bacteriocin production C) bacteria occupying host...

In which of the following patterns of disease does the patient experience no signs or symptoms?

In which of the following patterns of disease does the patient experience no signs or symptoms? A) prodromal B) decline C) convalescence D) incubation E)...

In which of the following diseases can gender be considered a viable predisposing factor?

In which of the following diseases can gender be considered a viable predisposing factor? A) urinary tract infections B) pneumonia C) salmonellosis D)...

Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor of disease?

Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor of disease? A) lifestyle B) genetic background C) climate D) occupation E) None of the answers...

A needlestick is an example of

A needlestick is an example of A) direct contact. B) droplet transmission. C) fomite. D) vector. E) vehicle transmission. Answer: ...

A disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time before producing symptoms is referred to as

A disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time before producing symptoms is referred to as A) subacute. B) subclinical. C) latent. D)...

The CDC is located in

The CDC is located in A) Atlanta, GA. B) Washington, DC. C) New York City, NY. D) Las Angeles, CA. E) Chicago, IL. Answer: ...

A researcher has performed a prospective study on the disease tetanus. To which specific kind of epidemiological study is this referring?

A researcher has performed a prospective study on the disease tetanus. To which specific kind of epidemiological study is this referring? A) analytical B)...

A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of

A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of A) direct contact. B) droplet transmission. C) fomite. D) vector. E) vehicle transmission. Answer:...

In Figure 14.2, when is the prevalence the highest?

In Figure 14.2, when is the prevalence the highest? A) July B) January C) February D) March E) The answer cannot be determined based on the information...

Which of the following can contribute to postoperative infections?

Which of the following can contribute to postoperative infections? A) using syringes more than once B) normal microbiota on the operating room staff C)...

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) malaria vector B) salmonellosis vehicle transmission C) syphilis direct contact D) influenza droplet...

Emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT

Emergence of infectious diseases can be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT A) antibiotic resistance. B) climatic changes. C) new strains of...

Figure 14.1 shows the incidence of influenza during a typical year. Which letter on the graph indicates the endemic level?

Figure 14.1 shows the incidence of influenza during a typical year. Which letter on the graph indicates the endemic level? A) a B) b C) c D) d E)...

The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called

The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called A) ecology. B) epidemiology. C) communicable disease. D) morbidity...

Symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease in that symptoms

Symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease in that symptoms A) are changes felt by the patient. B) are changes observed by the physician. C)...

Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT?

Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT? A) acute: a short-lasting primary infection B) inapparent: infection characteristic of a carrier...

Which of the following statements about biological transmission is FALSE?

Which of the following statements about biological transmission is FALSE? A) The pathogen reproduces in the vector. B) The pathogen may enter the...

Which of the following is a fomite?

Which of the following is a fomite? A) water B) droplets from a sneeze C) pus D) insects E) a hypodermic needle Answer: ...

Which of the following is NOT a communicable diseases?

Which of the following is NOT a communicable diseases? A) malaria B) AIDS C) tuberculosis D) tetanus E) typhoid fever Answer: ...

Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection?

Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection? A) a sick person B) a healthy person C) a sick animal D) a hospital E) None of the answers...

One effect of washing regularly with antibacterial agents is the removal of normal microbiota. This can result in

One effect of washing regularly with antibacterial agents is the removal of normal microbiota. This can result in A) body odor. B) fewer diseases. C)...

Which of the following statements about nosocomial infections is FALSE?

Which of the following statements about nosocomial infections is FALSE? A) They occur in compromised patients. B) They may be caused by opportunists. C)...

Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota

Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota A) cause diseases. B) are found in a certain location on the host. C)...

Which one of the following does NOT contribute to the incidence of nosocomial infections?

Which one of the following does NOT contribute to the incidence of nosocomial infections? A) antibiotic resistance B) lapse in aseptic techniques C)...

Koch observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle. What is this condition called?

Koch observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle. What is this condition called? A) bacteremia B) focal infection C) local infection D)...

The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can directly attributed to

The rise in herd immunity amongst a population can directly attributed to A) increased use of antibiotics. B) improved handwashing. C) vaccinations. D)...

Focal infections initially start out as

Focal infections initially start out as A) sepsis. B) bacteremia. C) local infections. D) septicemia. E) systemic infections. Answer: ...

Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT?

Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT? A) endemic: a disease that is constantly present in a population B) epidemic: a disease that is endemic...

Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission

Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission A) requires an arthropod. B) involves fomites. C) involves...

Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection?

Which of the following diseases is NOT spread by droplet infection? A) botulism B) tuberculosis C) measles D) the common cold E) diphtheria Answer:...

Which of the following is NOT a verified exception in the use of Koch's postulates?

Which of the following is NOT a verified exception in the use of Koch's postulates? A) Some diseases have poorly defined etiologies. B) Some pathogens...

The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that

The major significance of Robert Koch's work is that A) microorganisms are present in a diseased animal. B) diseases can be transmitted from one animal...

A nosocomial infection is

A nosocomial infection is A) always present, but is inapparent at the time of hospitalization. B) acquired during the course of hospitalization. C)...

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) At least one member must not benefit in a symbiotic relationship. B) Members of a symbiotic relationship...

A commensal bacterium

A commensal bacterium A) does not receive any benefit from its host. B) is beneficial to its host. C) may also be an opportunistic pathogen. D) does...

In pregnant women, roseola infection can result in teratogenic birth defects.

In pregnant women, roseola infection can result in teratogenic birth defects. Answer:...

Herpesvirus infections can be controlled with chemotherapeutic agents.

Herpesvirus infections can be controlled with chemotherapeutic agents. Answer:...

Smallpox vaccination was originally discontinued in the 1980's because of adverse effects of the vaccine.

Smallpox vaccination was originally discontinued in the 1980's because of adverse effects of the vaccine. Answer:...

Chromoblastomycosis is rarely a severe disease and can be treated easily with appropriate drugs.

Chromoblastomycosis is rarely a severe disease and can be treated easily with appropriate drugs. Answer:...

Because they are common soil saprobes, dermatophytes are fungi that are not contagious in humans.

Because they are common soil saprobes, dermatophytes are fungi that are not contagious in humans. Answer:...

Humans are the only hosts of Rickettsia rickettsii.

Humans are the only hosts of Rickettsia rickettsii. Answer:...

M protein is a virulence factor associated with group A streptococci.

M protein is a virulence factor associated with group A streptococci. Answer: T ...

Clostridium perfringens causes necrotizing fasciitis.

Clostridium perfringens causes necrotizing fasciitis. Answer:...

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is fatal in 100% of untreated cases.

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is fatal in 100% of untreated cases. Answer:...

A sample from an abscess is stained and examined under the microscope. A Gram stain appears uniformly pink, but a GMS (Gomori methenamine sliver) stain reveals brownish filaments in the sample. These findings suggest

A sample from an abscess is stained and examined under the microscope. A Gram stain appears uniformly pink, but a GMS (Gomori methenamine sliver) stain...

A child has a rash on the face, arms, upper legs and torso that is splotchy, and intensifies after being in the sun. The child does not complain of fever or itchiness. The signs and symptoms are consistent with

A child has a rash on the face, arms, upper legs and torso that is splotchy, and intensifies after being in the sun. The child does not complain of...

The rash described as "teardrops on rose petals" is characteristic of

The rash described as "teardrops on rose petals" is characteristic of  a) warts b) smallpox c) anthrax d) chickenpox e) herpes Answer:...

Which of the following bacterial pathogens is an intracellular parasite?

Which of the following bacterial pathogens is an intracellular parasite? a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa b) Bacillus anthracis c) Bartonella henselae d)...

Which of the following is/are anti-phagocytic?

Which of the following is/are anti-phagocytic? a) protein A b) leukocidin c) M protein d)both protein A and M protein e)protein A, M protein, and...

A pigment produced by an opportunistic pathogen that contributes to tissue damage is

A pigment produced by an opportunistic pathogen that contributes to tissue damage is a) pyocyanin b) streptokinase c) hyaluronidase d) lipase e)...

A small puncture wound on a woman's arm has become swollen, hot to the touch, and intensely painful. There is tissue necrosis, but it is not "gassy," and under the microscope Gram-positive cocci in chains are present. Which of the following microbes is likely to be responsible?

A small puncture wound on a woman's arm has become swollen, hot to the touch, and intensely painful. There is tissue necrosis, but it is not "gassy,"...

Which of the following forms of leishmaniasis is typically fatal?

Which of the following forms of leishmaniasis is typically fatal? a) mucocutaneous b) cutaneous c) visceral d) both cutaneous and mucocutaneous are...

A child complains of intensely itchy "pimples" on the hands and wrists. The lesions are small inflamed streaks, but do not appear to contain pus. The child's condition may be the result of infection with

A child complains of intensely itchy "pimples" on the hands and wrists. The lesions are small inflamed streaks, but do not appear to contain pus. The...

A man is suffering severe foot pain in the area of what looks like a large wart. He reports he has had the wart for some time, and the pain and swelling have developed slowly. A sample from the lesion shows that the pus contains large cells that stain a golden brown color. The man is likely suffering from

A man is suffering severe foot pain in the area of what looks like a large wart. He reports he has had the wart for some time, and the pain and swelling...

Sporotrichosis is more commonly known as

Sporotrichosis is more commonly known as a) rose-gardener's disease b) ringworm c) white piedra d) herpangina e) scabies Answer: ...

Ultraviolet illumination is the quickest way to diagnose infections of which of the following?

Ultraviolet illumination is the quickest way to diagnose infections of which of the following? a) Piedraia hortae b) Pseudallescheria c) Malassezia...

"Ringworm" is caused by

"Ringworm" is caused by  a) parasitic worms that infect the skin b) immunosuppression due to HIV infection c) a hypersensitivity reaction caused...

Which of the following is becoming rarer as a result of childhood vaccinations?

Which of the following is becoming rarer as a result of childhood vaccinations? a) warts b) roseola c) impetigo d) neonatal herpes e) subacute sclerosing...

Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing?

Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing? a) HHV-6 : roseola b) variola : smallpox c) German measles : rubella d) measles : rubeola e) herpes...

Which of the following can cause birth defects?

Which of the following can cause birth defects? a) roseola b) smallpox c) rubella d) measles e) chickenpox Answer: ...

Erythema infectiosum is also known as

Erythema infectiosum is also known as a) roseola b) three-day measles c) rubeola d) herpangina e) fifth disease Answer: ...

Some strains of Papillomavirus are oncogenic due to their ability to

Some strains of Papillomavirus are oncogenic due to their ability to a) produce deoxyribonucleases b) integrate into the host cell DNA c) escape the...

Common skin warts are the result of infection with

Common skin warts are the result of infection with a) herpesviruses b) moriliviruses c) coxsackieviruses d) poxviruses e) papillomaviruses Answer:...

Shingles, or herpes zoster, is caused by the same virus that causes

Shingles, or herpes zoster, is caused by the same virus that causes a) whitlows b) smallpox c) measles d) chickenpox e) German measles Answer:...

Acyclovir is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat

Acyclovir is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat a) measles b) anthrax c) herpes d) acne e) smallpox Answer: ...

Clostridium perfringens is a strict anaerobe that is a common environmental contaminant and consequently of wounds due to its ability to

Clostridium perfringens is a strict anaerobe that is a common environmental contaminant and consequently of wounds due to its ability to a) invade...

Smallpox was the first human disease to be

Smallpox was the first human disease to be a) analyzed and studied on the genetic level b) identified as a viral disease c) treated with antiviral...

"Pox" is a term synonymous with which of the following?

"Pox" is a term synonymous with which of the following? a) a macule b) a pustule c) a whitlow d) a vesicle e) a papule Answer: ...

What is the pathogenic process underlying Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

What is the pathogenic process underlying Rocky Mountain spotted fever? a) interference with host cell metabolism b) stimulation of a strong immune...

Transovarial transmission is a process by which

Transovarial transmission is a process by which a) a pathogen infects the ovaries of its host b) a pathogen is transmitted through the ingestion of...

Petechiae are subcutaneous hemorrhages associated with which of the following?

Petechiae are subcutaneous hemorrhages associated with which of the following? a) smallpox b) RMSF c) anthrax d) necrotizing fasciitis e) herpes...

The resistance of Pseudomonas to a wide variety of antimicrobial drugs is due, in part, to its

The resistance of Pseudomonas to a wide variety of antimicrobial drugs is due, in part, to its a) production of exoenzyme S. b) production of pyocyanin c)...

Anthrax derives its name from which of the following aspects of the disease?

Anthrax derives its name from which of the following aspects of the disease? a) the appearance of eschars on the skin b) the necessity of burning...

Cat scratch disease is caused by

Cat scratch disease is caused by  a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa b) Staphylococcus aureus c) Bartonella henselae d) Streptococcus pyogenes e) Rickettsia...

A specific wavelength of blue light can be used to treat

A specific wavelength of blue light can be used to treat a) bacteremia b) swimmer's ear c) acne d) RMSF e) cat scratch fever Answer: ...

Necrotizing fasciitis is caused by

Necrotizing fasciitis is caused by  a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa b) Staphylococcus aureus c) Rickettsia rickettsii d) Streptococcus pyogenes e)...

The common name for a furuncle is

The common name for a furuncle is  a) a sty b) acne c) a rash d) a boil e) a wart Answer: ...

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is caused by

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is caused by  a) coagulase b) exfoliative toxins c) beta-lactamase d) staphylokinase e) lipase Answer:...

Impetigo can be caused by

Impetigo can be caused by a) Staphylococcus epidermidis b) Streptococcus pyogenes c) Staphylococcus aureus d) both Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus...

Which of the following is a complication that may result from a Streptococcus pyogenes skin infection?

Which of the following is a complication that may result from a Streptococcus pyogenes skin infection? a) scalded skin syndrome b) erysipelas c)...

Virulent strains of Staphylococcus aureus can resist penicillin because they produce

Virulent strains of Staphylococcus aureus can resist penicillin because they produce a) a slime layer b) lipase c) beta-lactamase d) coagulase e)...

One feature that differentiates Staphylococcus aureus from other staphylococci is its

One feature that differentiates Staphylococcus aureus from other staphylococci is its a) beta-lactamase production b) slime layer production c) coagulase...

An infection of a hair follicle at the base of an eyelid is called a

An infection of a hair follicle at the base of an eyelid is called a a) carbuncle b) furuncle c) sty d) pimple e) macule Answer: ...

Normal skin microbiota are able to grow on the skin because of their resistance to

Normal skin microbiota are able to grow on the skin because of their resistance to a) salt b) sebum, salt, and keratin c) sebum and salt d) sebum e)...

The skin is an effective barrier against invading microbes because

The skin is an effective barrier against invading microbes because a) the outer layers are dead and covered in salt. b) no microbes are able to survive...