Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins?

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins?

A. complement
B. albumin
C. interferon
D. histamine



Answer: C

During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?

During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?

A. inflammation
B. phagocytosis
C. interferon production
D. complement production
E. bradykinin

Answer: B

What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process?

What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process?

A. formation of pus and edema
B. scar formation and/or resolution
C. vascular reactions
D. injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators
E. activation of the complement system

Answer: D

The _____ system of blood proteins acts to lyse foreign cells and viruses.

The _____ system of blood proteins acts to lyse foreign cells and viruses.

A. humoral immunity
B. cell-mediated
C. complement
D. lymphoid
E. None of the choices is correct.

Answer: C

The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves

The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves

A. initiation of the cascade.
B. production of inflammatory cytokines.
C. a ring-shaped protein that digests holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes.
D. cleaving of C3 to yield C3a and C3b.
E. C1q binding to surface receptors on a membrane.

Answer: C

Which of the following is incorrect about complement?

Which of the following is incorrect about complement?

A. is composed of at least 20 blood proteins
B. only appears in the blood during a response to a pathogen
C. acts in a cascade reaction
D. involves a classical pathway
E. involves an alternate pathway

Answer: B

All of the following pertain to interferon except it

All of the following pertain to interferon except it

A. is a protein.
B. is produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells.
C. includes alpha, beta, and gamma types.
D. inhibits viruses, tumors, and cancer gene expression.
E. increases capillary permeability and vasodilation.

Answer: E

Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substances?

Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substances?

A. hydrogen peroxide
B. nitric oxide
C. lactic acid
D. superoxide anion
E. All of these are used.

Answer: E

What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances?

What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances?

A. MALTs
B. RES
C. PAMPs
D. BALTs
E. lysosomes

Answer: C

Which of the following is not an event of phagocytosis?

Which of the following is not an event of phagocytosis?

A. diapedesis
B. chemotaxis
C. phagolysosome formation
D. destruction
E. ingestion

Answer: A

Which of the following is not a type of phagocyte?

Which of the following is not a type of phagocyte?

A. neutrophil
B. macrophage
C. Kupffer cell
D. monocyte
E. lymphocyte

Answer: E

Each of the following are benefits of fever except it

Each of the following are benefits of fever except it

A. reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply.
B. increases the availability of iron.
C. increases phagocytosis.
D. increases metabolism.
E. stimulates hematopoiesis.

Answer: B

A person will typically experience the sensation of _____ when fever is starting to occur in the body.

A person will typically experience the sensation of _____ when fever is starting to occur in the body.

A. heat
B. pain
C. chill
D. sweat
E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer: C

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are

A. complement.
B. interferons.
C. leukotrines.
D. pyrogens.
E. lysozymes.

Answer: D

Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?

Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?

A. start tissue repair
B. destroy microbes
C. mobilize and attract immune components to injury site
D. block further invasion
E. cause a fever




Answer: E

Which of the following is mismatched dealing with inflammation?

Which of the following is mismatched dealing with inflammation?

A. rubor - redness
B. calor - warmth
C. tumor - cancer
D. dolar - pain
E. None of these is mismatched.

Answer: C

The leakage of excess fluid into tissues is called

The leakage of excess fluid into tissues is called

A. chemotaxis.
B. edema.
C. diapedesis.
D. vasoactivity.
E. pus.

Answer: B

Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except

Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except

A. chemotaxis.
B. diapedesis.
C. motility.
D. vasodilatation.
E. phagocytosis.

Answer: E

Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all

Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all

A. vasoactive mediators.
B. mediators of B-cell activity.
C. mediators of T-cell activity.
D. mediators that increase chemotaxis.
E. fever inducers.

Answer: A

Which of the following is mismatched?

Which of the following is mismatched?

A. interferon alpha and beta - inhibits viral replication
B. interleukin-2 - stimulates T-cell mitosis and B-cell antibody production
C. serotonin - causes smooth muscle contraction
D. prostaglandins - activate eosinophils and B cells
E. tumor necrosis factor - increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis

Answer: D

Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?

Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?

A. It can last hours to years.
B. Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
C. Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.
D. Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.
E. Basophils and mast cells release histamine.

Answer: B

All the following are events of early inflammation except

All the following are events of early inflammation except

A. macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis.
B. chemical mediators and cytokines are released.
C. brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation.
D. exudate and pus can accumulate.
E. capillaries become more permeable resulting in edema.

Answer: A

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except

A. redness.
B. warmth.
C. swelling.
D. pain.
E. chills.

Answer: E

Diapedesis is the

Diapedesis is the

A. loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.
B. production of only red blood cells.
C. production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
D. plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.
E. migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.

Answer: E

The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as

The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as

A. lymph nodes.
B. thymus.
C. spleen.
D. GALT.
E. tonsils.

Answer: D

Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T lymphocytes?

Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T lymphocytes?

A. lymph nodes
B. thymus
C. spleen
D. GALT
E. tonsils

Answer: B

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?

A. lymph nodes
B. thymus
C. spleen
D. GALT
E. tonsils

Answer: A

Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?

Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?

A. lymph nodes
B. thymus
C. spleen
D. GALT
E. tonsils



Answer: C

A type of monocyte that has long, thin processes to trap pathogens are

A type of monocyte that has long, thin processes to trap pathogens are

A. dendritic cells.
B. eosinophils.
C. macrophages.
D. platelets.
E. mast cells.

Answer: A

When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into

When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into

A. primary phagocytes.
B. neutrophils.
C. killer T cells.
D. cytotoxic T cells.
E. macrophages.

Answer: E

____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity.

____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity.

A. B cells, T cells
B. T cells, B cells
C. monocytes, basophils
D. basophils, T cells
E. B cells, neutrophils

Answer: A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _____ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors.

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _____ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors.

A. leukocytes
B. granulocytes
C. agranulocytes
D. monocytes
E. None of the choices is correct.

Answer: B

Which of the following is in the correct order from greatest to least phagocytic activity?

Which of the following is in the correct order from greatest to least phagocytic activity?

A. neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages
B. neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils
C. eosinophils, macrophages, neutrophils
D. macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils
E. macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils

Answer: D

The granules of basophils contain

The granules of basophils contain

A. antibodies.
B. antigens.
C. digestive enzymes.
D. histamine.
E. lysozyme.

Answer: D

Each of the following are granulocytes except

Each of the following are granulocytes except

A. neutrophils.
B. eosinophils.
C. lymphocytes.
D. basophils.
E. All of the choices are granulocytes.

Answer: C

Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?

Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?

A. monocytes
B. eosinophils
C. basophils
D. neutrophils
E. lymphocytes

Answer: B

Plasma cells

Plasma cells

A. function in cell-mediated immunity.
B. are derived from T lymphocytes.
C. function in blood clotting.
D. produce and secrete antibodies.
E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer: D

Hematopoiesis is the

Hematopoiesis is the

A. loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.
B. production of only red blood cells.
C. production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
D. plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.
E. migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.

Answer: C

All of the following pertain to platelets except they

All of the following pertain to platelets except they

A. contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
B. function primarily in hemostasis.
C. originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes.
D. function in blood clotting and inflammation.
E. are not whole cells but are pieces of cells.

Answer: A

Which white blood cells comprise 3% to 7% of circulating WBCs, are phagocytic, and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages?

Which white blood cells comprise 3% to 7% of circulating WBCs, are phagocytic, and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages?

A. basophils
B. eosinophils
C. neutrophils
D. monocytes
E. lymphocytes

Answer: D

The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are

The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are

A. basophils.
B. eosinophils.
C. neutrophils.
D. monocytes.
E. lymphocytes.

Answer: C

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's third line of defense?

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's third line of defense?

A. basophils
B. eosinophils
C. neutrophils
D. monocytes
E. lymphocytes

Answer: E

The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are

The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are

A. basophils.
B. eosinophils.
C. neutrophils.
D. monocytes.
E. lymphocytes.

Answer: A

The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation, contain peroxidase and lysozyme, and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are

The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation, contain peroxidase and lysozyme, and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are

A. basophils.
B. eosinophils.
C. neutrophils.
D. monocytes.
E. lymphocytes.

Answer: B

Which of the following is incorrect about blood cells?

Which of the following is incorrect about blood cells?

A. after birth, produced in red bone marrow sites
B. develop from undifferentiated stem cells
C. include mast cells
D. include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes
E. include erythrocytes that, when mature, lose their nuclei

Answer: C

Plasma

Plasma

A. is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended.
B. is mostly water.
C. contains albumin and globulins.
D. contains fibrinogen.
E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer: E

Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?

Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?

A. bloodstream
B. extracellular fluid
C. lymphatic system
D. intracellular fluid
E. reticuloendothelial system

Answer: C

The main function of the reticuloendothelial system is to provide

The main function of the reticuloendothelial system is to provide

A. surveillance cells.
B. a connection between tissues and organs.
C. filtration of extracellular fluid.
D. filtration of blood.
E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer: B

The term _____ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

The term _____ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

A. antibody
B. allergen
C. antigen
D. foreign body
E. None of the choices is correct.

Answer: C

Immune system cells differentiate between self and foreign cells by their

Immune system cells differentiate between self and foreign cells by their

A. cell walls.
B. biota.
C. markers.
D. skin.
E. cell processes.

Answer: C

A properly functioning immune system is responsible for

A properly functioning immune system is responsible for

A. surveillance of the body.
B. recognition of foreign material.
C. destruction of foreign material.
D. All of the above choices are correct.
E. Only recognition of foreign material and destruction of foreign material are correct.

Answer: D

Lysozyme is found in

Lysozyme is found in

A. mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
B. mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract.
C. salivary secretions.
D. sweat from sweat glands.
E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer: C

Each of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except

Each of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except

A. unbroken skin.
B. mucus.
C. hairs.
D. tears.
E. T cells.

Answer: E

Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it

Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it

A. is toxic to pathogens.
B. creates a physical barrier against pathogens.
C. destroys pathogens.
D. physically restricts pathogens to a specific region.
E. None of the choices is correct.

Answer: B

The reticuloendothelial system

The reticuloendothelial system

A. is a support network of connective tissue fibers.
B. originates in the cellular basal lamina.
C. provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs.
D. is heavily populated with macrophages.
E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer: E

This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.

This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.

A. skin
B. respiratory tract
C. digestive tract
D. urinary tract
E. eyes

Answer: A

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the

A. skin.
B. respiratory tract.
C. digestive tract.
D. urinary tract.
E. eyes.

Answer: B

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is

A. lactic acid.
B. hydrochloric acid.
C. lysozyme.
D. histamine.
E. bile.

Answer: C

Nonspecific chemical defenses include

Nonspecific chemical defenses include

A. lysozyme.
B. lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat.
C. skin's acidic pH and fatty acids.
D. stomach hydrochloric acid.
E. All of the choices are correct.

Answer: E

Components of the first line of defense include all the following except

Components of the first line of defense include all the following except

A. the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin.
B. nasal hairs.
C. flushing action of tears and blinking.
D. flushing action of urine.
E. phagocytic white blood cells.



Answer: E